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Lotti F, Corona G, Mancini M, et al. The association between varicocele, premature ejaculation and prostatitis symptoms: possible mechanisms. J Sex Med. 2009;6(10):2878–2887.
Abu El-Hamd M, Abdel Hameed FA. The Role of Varicocelectomy on Patients with Premature Ejaculation and Varicoceles. 2016;3(4):121–125. Journal of Integrative Nephrology and Andrology.
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在上述假設前提下,臨床上已廣泛使用藥物以達到一定程度的陰莖減敏作用,進而有效延長”陰道內射精延遲時間”(intravaginal ejaculation latency time, IELT),但不會對射精感覺和性滿意度產生不利影響。選擇性背神經阻斷手術是陰莖減敏的另一替代方法,近來常用於對心理/行為療法反應不佳、口服藥物無顯著良好效果或不喜歡口服藥物、塗抹局部麻醉藥物的病人,藉以延遲射精時間,改善早洩症狀。
Hsu GL, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Chen HS, Ling PY, Wen HS, Liu LJ, Chen CW, Chua C. The advancement of pure local anesthesia for penile surgeries: can an outpatient basis be sustainable (純粹局部麻醉施行陰莖手術的新進展) Journal of Andrology. 28(1):200-205, 2007.
Hsu GL, Zaid UX, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Huang SJ. Acupuncture assisted local anesthesia for penile surgeries (針灸輔助局部麻醉下施行陰莖手術). Translational Andrology and Urology. 2(4):291-300, 2013.
Hsu GL, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Wen HS, Hsu WL, Chen YC, Chen RM, Chen SC, Hsieh JT. The effect of electrocoagulation on the sinusoids in the human penis (電燒止血對於人類陰莖海綿體的影響). Journal of Andrology. 25(6):954-959, 2004.
Hsu GL, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Wen HS, Hsu WL, Wu CH, Fong TH, Chen SC, Tseng GF. Anatomy of the human penis: the relationship of the architecture between skeletal and smooth muscles (人類陰莖解剖構造:骨骼肌和平滑肌之間的結構關係). Journal of Andrology. 25:426-431, 2004.
Hsieh CH (謝政興), Liu SP, Hsu GL, Chen HS, Molodysky E, Chen YH, Yu HJ. Advances in understanding of mammalian penile evolution, human penile anatomy and human erection physiology: Clinical implications for physicians and surgeons (了解哺乳類動物的陰莖進化、人類陰莖解剖學和人類勃起生理學方面的進展:對於內外科醫生的臨床意涵). Medical Science Monitor. 18(7): RA118-125, 2012.
Hsu GL, Hsieh CH(謝政興), Wen HS, Chen YC, Chen SC, Mok MS. Penile venous anatomy: an additional description and its clinical implication (陰莖靜脈解剖構造:附加描述及其臨床意涵). J Androl. 2003; 24: 921-927.
Hsu GL, Lin CW, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Hsieh JT, Chen SC, Kuo TF, Ling PY, Huang HM, Wang CJ, Tseng GF. Distal ligament in human glans: a comparative study of penile architecture (人類龜頭遠端韌帶:一項比較研究陰莖結構). Journal of Andrology. 26(5):624-28, 2005.
Yang SSD, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Chang SJ. Effects of circumcision on urinary tract infection and sexually transmitted disease (包皮環切手術對於尿路感染和性傳染疾病的影響). Tzu Chi Medical Journal. 21(3):185-189, 2009.
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早洩發生的型態,可以大略分為兩類原發性(終身性,primary or lifelong)早洩及後天性(acquired)早洩。原發性的的早洩是指男性從第一次性經驗開始,就有早洩問題;而後天性早洩是指原本沒有早洩的問題,之後在某個時間點開始出現早洩的問題。進入陰道後至射精之間的延遲時間(陰道內射精延遲時間(intravaginal ejaculation latency time, IELT)常被建議作為客觀的診斷標準和治療結果衡量標準,但是單獨採用IELT尚不足以定義早洩,過去對於早洩的診斷也常存爭議。多數的研究發現,男性的IELT平均為4-7分鐘, Strassberg等學者在1990初期提議若是一個男性在一半以上的性行為中,IELT少於兩分鐘即符合早洩的診斷;其他學者則認為IELT少於一分鐘才符合早洩的診斷。
早洩的診斷依據
早洩的診斷依據包括射精延遲時間(intravaginal ejaculatory latency time, IELT)縮短、射精控制不良、性行為滿意度低、以及因此病症而苦惱等病史。根據精神疾病診斷及統計手冊(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)的定義,早發性射精是一種持續或反覆發生的射精模式。在與伴侶進行性行為時,進入陰道後大約 1分鐘內、在個人希望射精之前即已提早射精。這種症狀必須持續超過至少6個月,並且幾乎每次(大約75% – 100%)的性行為都會發生。臨床上此症狀已造成個人明顯的苦惱。(DSM-V-TR, 2012 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013))
目前大多採用國際性醫學學會(International Society for Sexual Medicine, ISSM)於2014年發表對於早洩的定義,其定義早洩為一種男性性功能障礙。原發性早洩(終身性早洩)為幾乎每次進入陰道前、或進入陰道後一分鐘內即無法控制而射精。後天性早洩(acquired)則時常發生於進入陰道後三分鐘內即無法控制而射精,臨床上射精延遲時間明顯縮短且令人困擾。而且,幾乎每次進入陰道都無法延遲射精,對個人造成負面效應,例如苦惱困擾、挫折沮喪或逃避親密的性行為。對於早洩,這是首次有實證醫學根據的定義。(國際性醫學會,2014 年)
全身麻醉採用吸入性麻醉氣體合併點滴注射藥物方式,借助醫療儀器及器材幫助呼吸,使病人進入安眠、無知覺的狀態,在肌肉放鬆狀態下進行外科手術。通常包含經氣管插管全身麻醉(endotracheal general anesthesia)、面罩式全身麻醉(general anesthesia with mask) 及靜脈注射全身麻醉(intravenous general anesthesia)。全身麻醉後可能出現的症狀包括喉嚨痛、頭痛、聲音吵啞、暈眩、頭暈、噁心、嘔吐及疲倦等,一般在幾天內逐漸復原。
Hsu GL, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Chen HS, Ling PY, Wen HS, Liu LJ, Chen CW, Chua C. The advancement of pure local anesthesia for penile surgeries: can an outpatient basis be sustainable (純粹局部麻醉施行陰莖手術的新進展) Journal of Andrology. 28(1):200-205, 2007.
Hsu GL, Zaid UX, Hsieh CH (謝政興), Huang SJ. Acupuncture assisted local anesthesia for penile surgeries (針灸輔助局部麻醉下施行陰莖手術). Translational Andrology and Urology. 2(4):291-300, 2013.